Finding out that a kidney is swollen on a scan can be worrying. The word hydronephrosis sounds like a diagnosis, but it describes an appearance: urine is collecting and stretching the drainage system of one or both kidneys. It is a sign that needs to be understood in context. It does not, by itself, tell […]
Renal cysts are fluid-filled sacs within or on the kidney. Finding a “cyst” on a scan can be worrying, but many are harmless. The important questions are whether the cyst has a simple or complex appearance, whether it is causing symptoms, and whether it affects urine drainage or kidney function. A large simple cyst is […]
Understanding pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction, its symptoms, investigations and treatment, including robotic-assisted pyeloplasty. The kidneys produce urine, which collects in a funnel-shaped area called the renal pelvis before travelling down the ureter to the bladder. The pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) is where this funnel joins the ureter. PUJ obstruction means urine does not pass freely through this […]
Can a kidney move enough to cause pain? Yes. Nephroptosis is a recognised anatomical condition, and in selected people it can cause symptoms. However, finding a mobile kidney does not automatically explain abdominal or flank pain. Establishing that connection is the central challenge, and the reason this condition has attracted controversy for more than a […]
A ureterocoele (also spelt ureterocele) is a balloon-like swelling at the lower end of a ureter: the tube carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder. The swelling usually projects into the bladder. Its opening may be narrow, slowing urine drainage and sometimes causing infection, stones or pressure on the kidney. Some ureterocoeles cause no […]
Patient information | Reviewed 28 September 2026 Vaginal vault prolapse occurs when the top of the vagina descends after a hysterectomy. It can occur alone or alongside a bulge of the front vaginal wall (anterior prolapse, often called a cystocele). Some women feel a bulge, dragging or pressure; others have difficulty emptying their bladder, recurrent […]
An unexpected spot on a kidney scan can be alarming. A small renal mass usually means a solid, enhancing growth measuring 4 cm or less and confined to the kidney. It is not automatically cancer: some are benign, and many small kidney cancers grow slowly. The right approach depends on the scan, any biopsy result, […]
By Dr Jo Schoeman | Patient information | September 2026 Finding a kidney mass can be frightening. The first question is whether it is cancer; the next is whether it is confined to the kidney. A mass measuring 3.1 cm is not automatically advanced cancer. If a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is no more than […]
Coffee, oat milk and the start of my day at the Wesley By Dr Jo Schoeman Before a busy day of consultations or operating at the Wesley, I enjoy a small ritual: stopping for a coffee with oat milk at Steamtrain Espresso Bar and Kitchen, beside Auchenflower train station and just outside the hospital. It […]
A patient guide by Dr Jo Schoeman A diagnosis of prostate cancer is unsettling. Having chronic kidney disease or needing dialysis can make treatment decisions feel even harder. The reassuring point is that kidney failure does not automatically rule out treatment. The best choice depends on the cancer, the degree of kidney impairment, other medical […]