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How Diet & Lifestyle Can Support Prostate Health

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Prostate health: food, movement and informed testing

The prostate is a small gland below the bladder that contributes fluid to semen. It surrounds the first part of the urethra, so changes in the prostate can affect urination. Prostate enlargement, inflammation and cancer are different conditions; urinary symptoms alone cannot tell us which, if any, is present.[1, 2]

A healthy diet and regular activity support overall wellbeing. They may help some people manage weight and cope with treatment, but no food or exercise programme has been shown to guarantee prevention of prostate enlargement or prostate cancer. Similarly, a “check-up” is not the same thing as screening everyone for cancer: the decision to have a PSA blood test should take account of age, individual risk, preferences and the possible harms of testing.[3, 4]

What can affect the prostate?

Benign prostate enlargement (BPH) becomes more common with age. It may cause a weak stream, hesitancy, more frequent urination or waking at night. Similar symptoms can come from bladder conditions, medicines or other causes. Treatment depends on the degree of bother and any complications, and can range from monitoring and practical changes to medicines or a procedure.[1]

Prostatitis describes inflammation of the prostate and has several forms. Pain, urinary symptoms or fever require assessment; diet alone will not diagnose or treat the cause.[1]

Prostate cancer often causes no symptoms in its early stages. Some cancers grow slowly and may never need treatment; others are more aggressive. An abnormal PSA result does not by itself establish a cancer diagnosis.[2, 4]

Is there a “prostate-friendly” diet?

It is reasonable to use this phrase for a varied, balanced eating pattern, but it should not imply that a particular menu protects the prostate. The Australian Dietary Guidelines recommend vegetables, fruit, mostly wholegrain cereals, appropriate protein foods and water as a usual drink, while limiting foods high in added salt and saturated fat.[5] Food choices should also fit a person’s other conditions and cultural preferences.

The foods often promoted for prostate health can fit into that pattern, with important limits to the evidence:

Food What it offers What remains unproven
Tomatoes A vegetable source of lycopene and other nutrients Eating tomatoes or taking lycopene supplements has not been established as a way to prevent or treat prostate cancer.[3, 6]
Broccoli and cauliflower Vegetables that add variety and fibre Laboratory theories about their compounds do not prove that they prevent prostate disease in people.[3]
Salmon and sardines Protein and, in oily fish, omega-3 fats Fish is not a proven prostate cancer treatment or prevention strategy.[3, 5]
Green tea A beverage some people enjoy Antioxidant content does not establish a clinical benefit for prostate cancer; caffeine may aggravate urinary urgency in some people.[3, 7]
Chia and flaxseeds Fibre and unsaturated fats Eating these seeds is not proven to prevent BPH or prostate cancer.[3, 5]

No supplement should be assumed to be beneficial because it is sold as “natural” or “prostate supporting.” The SELECT trial, for example, found increased prostate cancer risk among men assigned vitamin E alone. Discuss supplements with your clinician, particularly if you are receiving treatment or taking medicines.[6]

A practical meal might include vegetables, a wholegrain food and fish, beans, eggs, tofu or another suitable protein. Add fruit or unsalted nuts and seeds according to preference. The value is in the overall pattern, not a particular “superfood.” If cancer treatment is affecting appetite or weight, an accredited practising dietitian can tailor the plan.[5, 8]

Movement, weight and everyday habits

Physical activity helps cardiovascular health, strength, mood and weight management. Australia’s current adult movement recommendations encourage activity on most days, including moderate to vigorous movement for at least 30 minutes on most days, strength activities twice a week, and mobility or balance activities on several days.[9] A walk, cycling, swimming or a manageable strength routine can be a starting point; build gradually if you have been inactive.

Excess body weight is associated with some adverse health outcomes, and Cancer Council Australia reports evidence linking overweight and obesity with prostate cancer risk. That association does not mean that weight loss prevents every prostate cancer, or that a person’s weight explains an individual diagnosis.[3]

For urinary symptoms, it can help to note when and how much you drink, whether caffeine or alcohol worsens urgency, and whether constipation is present. Drinking enough is important, but forcing large volumes can make frequency worse. These measures may ease symptoms for some people; they should not delay assessment of persistent or concerning changes.[1, 7]

If you are undergoing prostate cancer treatment, exercise may support fitness and help with treatment-related effects. The safest type and intensity depend on treatment, fatigue, bone health and other conditions. Ask your treating team or an accredited exercise physiologist for an individual plan when needed.[8]

What about PSA testing and “regular check-ups”?

A PSA test measures a protein made by the prostate. PSA may rise for reasons other than cancer, and testing can find slow-growing cancers that would never have caused harm. Further investigation and treatment can carry physical and emotional burdens. Testing may also identify a cancer at a stage when treatment can help. These benefits and harms should be discussed before testing.[2, 4]

The 2026 Australian guidelines for early detection recommend, after an informed discussion, PSA testing every two years for people aged 50–69 who choose testing. Routine testing at 45–49 is generally not recommended for average-risk people, although an interested person may be offered an initial test. People at higher risk, including those with certain family histories, Black sub-Saharan ancestry or a BRCA2 mutation, may be advised to start two-yearly testing at 45. For people aged 70 or older, the decision is individualised according to health, life expectancy and preferences.[4]

These are recommendations for people without symptoms. New difficulty passing urine, blood in the urine, persistent pain or other concerning symptoms call for assessment regardless of age or a planned PSA testing schedule. A GP is a sensible first contact and can arrange testing or referral when indicated.[2, 4]

A sustainable approach

Eat a varied diet, move regularly in ways you can sustain, and talk with your GP about symptoms and whether PSA testing makes sense for your age and risk. Healthy living is valuable in its own right, while medical decisions remain individual. There is no guarantee that these steps will prevent prostate disease, and a diagnosis does not mean someone has failed to look after their health.

General information only. This article does not replace personal medical advice or a discussion of the benefits and harms of PSA testing.

References

  1. Healthdirect Australia. Prostate problems.
  2. Cancer Council Australia. Early detection of prostate cancer.
  3. Cancer Council Australia. Prostate cancer prevention: evidence on lifestyle and diet.
  4. Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia. 2026 Guidelines for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer in Australia.
  5. National Health and Medical Research Council. Australian Dietary Guidelines.
  6. US National Cancer Institute. Prostate cancer, nutrition and dietary supplements; SELECT trial results.
  7. Healthdirect Australia. Benign prostatic hypertrophy: lifestyle measures.
  8. Cancer Council Australia. Life during and after prostate cancer treatment.
  9. Australian Government Department of Health. 24-hour movement recommendations for adults.

Subclinical Hypogonadism: Low Testosterone Without Obvious Symptoms

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Low testosterone and “subclinical hypogonadism”: what do the results mean?

Testosterone contributes to sexual function, muscle and bone health, and other body processes. A man may wonder about testosterone when he notices a change in libido, energy or strength. Those symptoms deserve attention, but they have many possible causes. A blood result below a laboratory range does not, by itself, establish testosterone deficiency or mean that testosterone treatment will help.[1–3]

Is “subclinical hypogonadism” a hidden disease?

The term can be confusing. In specialist literature, compensated or subclinical hypogonadism may describe normal testosterone with an elevated luteinising hormone (LH). LH is the signal from the pituitary gland that stimulates the testes to make testosterone. The clinical significance of this laboratory pattern is uncertain; it should not be described as a predictable early stage that inevitably leads to complications.[2]

Established male hypogonadism is a clinical syndrome involving compatible symptoms or signs together with consistently low testosterone on appropriately collected tests. Some men have subtle symptoms, but fatigue, irritability and poor concentration are not specific to testosterone deficiency. Recent Endocrine Society guidance cautions against routine testosterone screening in men without symptoms and against applying vague “age-related” labels without a careful diagnosis.[1–3]

When might testosterone deficiency be considered?

A persistent reduction in sexual desire, fewer spontaneous morning erections, erectile difficulties, reduced body hair, small testes, loss of strength, infertility, unexplained anaemia or low-trauma fractures can prompt a clinician to consider testosterone deficiency. No one symptom proves it, and erectile dysfunction often has vascular, psychological, medication-related or other causes.[2, 3]

Potential causes include a disorder of the testes (primary hypogonadism) or of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland (secondary hypogonadism). Obesity, type 2 diabetes, chronic illness, sleep problems and medicines such as opioids or glucocorticoids may also be associated with lower measured testosterone. Acute illness can temporarily affect a test result. The aim is to find and address the cause rather than assume that a symptom is due to normal ageing or that testosterone is the answer.[1–3]

How is it investigated?

Assessment starts with the person’s symptoms, medical history, medicines, sleep, fertility plans and an examination when indicated. A clinician generally orders two separate early-morning testosterone tests, preferably fasting and when the person is otherwise well. Testosterone changes across the day, and assays and reference ranges vary. A single borderline result should be interpreted cautiously.[1–3]

LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) help distinguish testicular from pituitary or hypothalamic causes. Depending on the circumstances, a clinician may assess prolactin, other pituitary hormones, thyroid function, blood count or iron studies. Free testosterone may be helpful in selected cases when total testosterone is borderline or the protein that binds testosterone is altered; it is not an automatic replacement for a reliable total testosterone test. Further investigations, such as pituitary imaging or bone density assessment, are guided by the clinical findings.[2, 3]

A normal testosterone result with raised LH is not the same as confirmed low testosterone. It may warrant review in context, but there is no established reason to prescribe testosterone solely to “treat the number.”[2]

Does a borderline result predict future disease?

Confirmed, longstanding testosterone deficiency can affect bone density, body composition and sexual function. However, it is misleading to state that everyone with a borderline measurement or a compensated laboratory pattern will develop osteoporosis, diabetes or heart disease.[2]

Low testosterone is often found alongside obesity or poor health, but an association does not show that low testosterone caused a cardiovascular or metabolic condition. Likewise, testosterone treatment should not be offered as a way to prevent heart disease or treat diabetes. Benefits and risks depend on the person’s diagnosis and circumstances.[1, 3]

What can be done first?

If obesity, poor sleep, a medicine or another health condition may be contributing, addressing that issue is often a useful first step. A manageable programme of physical activity, including resistance exercise, a balanced diet and treatment of sleep problems can support overall health. These steps are valuable whether or not testosterone increases; they are not guaranteed to correct an underlying testicular or pituitary disorder. In men with obesity-related hypogonadism and no other identified cause, the Endocrine Society describes weight loss as the usual first-line approach.[1]

If low libido, fatigue or mood symptoms persist, assessment should also consider depression, sleep apnoea, relationship factors, diabetes, anaemia and other possible causes. The plan should follow the findings rather than a generic “testosterone boost” programme.[1–3]

When is testosterone treatment considered?

Testosterone replacement may be appropriate for a man with confirmed hypogonadism, clinically important symptoms and a discussion of likely benefits, uncertainties, alternatives and monitoring. An Australian registered product’s indication requires deficiency to be confirmed by clinical features and biochemical tests. Treatment is not routinely recommended for an otherwise well man because of age, a single borderline test or vague symptoms alone.[1, 3, 4]

Testosterone can suppress sperm production and may compromise fertility. Men planning children should discuss this before starting therapy; fertility-preserving management may require specialist input. Assessment before treatment also considers the blood count, prostate concerns, sleep apnoea, cardiovascular history and other conditions. Follow-up includes symptoms, testosterone level, haematocrit and prostate assessment as appropriate.[2, 3, 5]

The safety picture is nuanced. A large trial did not find a meaningful increase in heart attack or stroke over roughly one to four years in the men studied, but reported more pulmonary embolism and fractures in the testosterone group; long-term safety remains uncertain. Those findings do not justify declaring therapy either universally safe or universally harmful.[1]

The main message

If symptoms concern you, discuss them with your GP. A thoughtful assessment can identify testosterone deficiency when it is present and uncover other causes when it is not. “Subclinical hypogonadism” is not a reliable label for every man with tiredness or a borderline blood test. Treatment decisions should be based on a clear diagnosis and personal goals, especially future fertility.[1–3]

This article is general information, not an individual diagnosis or treatment recommendation. Do not start, stop or change prescribed hormones without advice from your treating clinician.

References

  1. Endocrine Society. Statement on Testosterone Replacement Therapy, 2026.
  2. European Association of Urology. Sexual and Reproductive Health Guidelines: Male Hypogonadism.
  3. Endocrine Society. Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: Clinical Practice Guideline.
  4. Therapeutic Goods Administration. ANDROFORTE 5 registration and approved indication.
  5. Healthy Male. Androgen deficiency clinical summary guide.

Living with an indwelling urethral catheter

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An indwelling urethral catheter is a soft tube passed through the urethra into the bladder. A small balloon holds it in place and urine drains into a bag. It may be needed for a few days after an operation or for longer when the bladder cannot empty safely. The reason for the catheter and a plan for review should be clear to the patient and the people helping with their care.[1, 2]

Why might a catheter be needed?

Common reasons include acute urinary retention, an obstruction to urine flow, temporary drainage after surgery, and selected cases of chronic retention when other options are unsuitable. In hospital, a catheter may be used to monitor urine output in a critically ill person or manage bleeding and clots. It can occasionally support comfort at the end of life. A urethral catheter is generally not the first response to urinary leakage alone.[1]

When practical, the team should discuss whether the catheter can be removed after a trial of void, whether intermittent self-catheterisation is possible, or whether a suprapubic catheter may be more suitable for longer-term drainage. The best choice depends on bladder function, dexterity, the underlying condition and the person’s wishes.[1, 3]

What might it feel like, and what can go wrong?

Some people notice discomfort or a sense of needing to pass urine after insertion. Bladder spasms can cause cramping or urine to leak around the tube. Leakage can also mean that the catheter is kinked or blocked, so it should be checked rather than simply treated as incontinence. Other possible problems include blood in the urine after insertion or a change, skin irritation, accidental pulling or displacement, blockage from debris or encrustation, and infection.[2, 3]

A long-term urethral catheter can also cause pressure or trauma at the urethral opening; persistent soreness or a change in its appearance deserves review. Bladder stones and repeated blockages are further reasons to reassess the drainage plan. The longer a catheter remains, the more opportunity there is for bacteria to colonise it, so it should stay in place only while needed.[3, 4]

How often should a long-term catheter be changed?

There is no single safe change interval for every catheter and every patient. The plan depends on the catheter material and manufacturer’s instructions, local nursing policy, comfort, drainage, and whether it repeatedly blocks or becomes encrusted. Some community protocols plan changes approximately every four to eight weeks, but an individual plan may differ. The interval should not exceed the relevant product’s recommended duration.[1, 3]

Changing a catheter more frequently just to prevent infection has not been shown to help. A catheter may instead need an earlier change if it is blocked, damaged, displaced, causing problems, or as part of managing a symptomatic infection. People with a history of difficult insertion, urethral injury or bleeding should have a specific plan for who can safely perform the change.[1, 3]

At each review, it is worth asking: Is the catheter still necessary? Could a trial without it or another drainage method be considered?[1]

Day-to-day care at home

Keep the drainage bag below bladder level, avoid kinks in the tubing, and secure the catheter so it does not pull. Wash your hands before and after handling the bag. Follow the nurse’s instructions for emptying it and for cleaning the area where the catheter enters the body. Ordinary hygiene is usually enough; do not disconnect the closed drainage system, flush the catheter or take preventive antibiotics unless your treating team has given a specific instruction.[3, 5]

Drink according to your usual health advice. If you have a fluid restriction for heart or kidney disease, follow that plan rather than trying to drink extra to “flush” the catheter. Ask your nurse which supplies to keep at home and whom to call after hours if drainage stops.[2]

Bacteria in urine: when are antibiotics needed?

With a catheter in place, bacteria commonly grow on the catheter surface. After a month, bacteriuria is found in nearly everyone with a long-term catheter. A positive urine culture without symptoms usually reflects colonisation, not an infection requiring antibiotics. Routine screening or treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is generally discouraged because antibiotics can cause side effects and encourage resistant bacteria. Exceptions include pregnancy and certain invasive urological procedures, where the treating team will advise on testing and treatment.[4, 6]

Seek clinical assessment for possible infection if you develop fever, rigors, new pelvic or flank pain, feel distinctly unwell, or have other new symptoms that could indicate infection. In a frail person, a new change in function or confusion warrants assessment of several possible causes rather than automatically assuming a UTI. Cloudy or strong-smelling urine, sediment, or a positive dipstick on its own does not usually justify antibiotics.[4, 6, 7]

When a symptomatic catheter-associated UTI is suspected, a clinician should assess you and arrange a properly collected urine specimen if indicated—not from the drainage bag. Treatment is chosen in light of symptoms, culture results, allergies and local guidance. If the catheter has been in place for more than two weeks and still needs to remain, changing it as part of treatment is commonly recommended. Routine antibiotics at every scheduled catheter change are not recommended.[7, 8]

When to get help promptly

Contact your nurse or doctor promptly if urine stops draining, the catheter falls out, you have significant pain or new bleeding, or urine is leaking around the catheter with little in the bag. Check for a kink or a full bag, but do not forcefully flush or reinsert a catheter yourself unless specifically trained and instructed. Seek urgent medical care if drainage has stopped and you have a painful or swollen lower abdomen, or if you have fever, shaking chills or feel seriously unwell.[2]

Catheter support in Bundaberg

Some people can have catheter assessment and planned changes at home through a community nursing service. Ozcare and BlueCare provide home nursing in the Bundaberg area; whether a nurse can provide catheter care for an individual depends on referral, staffing, clinical needs, service area and funding arrangements. Ask the provider directly about availability and costs before relying on a visit.[9, 10]

For my Bundaberg patients, Sandra Ilett, a continence nurse with Community Nurse Service, is another local contact for bladder and catheter-related care. Sandra and her colleague Carla Kerr have also seen patients at the nurse-led clinic at The Friendlies Medical Suites. Patients can discuss a suitable referral and whether a home visit or clinic appointment is available. Community Nurse Service: (07) 4126 2002.[11] This mention recognises local nursing support; it is not a claim that one service is preferable for every patient.

A written catheter plan should record the reason for drainage, catheter details, the planned review or change, who will provide care, and whom to call if problems arise. Community nurses, the GP and urology team can then coordinate care across visits.

This article provides general information. Follow your individual catheter plan and seek clinical advice for new symptoms or a catheter that is not draining.

References

  1. Queensland Health. Urinary catheter insertion or change: indications and review.
  2. Healthdirect Australia. Catheter problems.
  3. Queensland Spinal Cord Injuries Service. Indwelling catheters.
  4. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Indwelling urinary catheter culture stewardship.
  5. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CAUTI prevention: summary of recommendations.
  6. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Management of asymptomatic bacteriuria.
  7. Queensland Spinal Cord Injuries Service. Management of urinary tract infection.
  8. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Catheter urine culture collection guidance.
  9. Ozcare Bundaberg: home nursing and service area.
  10. BlueCare: community nursing at home; Bundaberg community service listing.
  11. Dr Jo Schoeman. Nurse-led urology clinic in Bundaberg: Sandra Ilett and Carla Kerr.

Mid-Urethral Slings for Stress Urinary Incontinence: What Is the Current Australian Position?

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Patient information for Australian women | Reviewed 22 September 2026

The word “mesh” can understandably cause concern. Public discussion has often grouped together several very different products and operations. A mid-urethral sling used to treat female stress urinary incontinence is not the same operation as transvaginal mesh used to repair pelvic organ prolapse, and it is also different from a single-incision mini-sling.

The Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand (USANZ) supports the continued availability of mid-urethral slings in Australia as one treatment option for appropriately selected women. That support is not unconditional: USANZ emphasises appropriate clinical governance, surgeon credentialing, informed consent, multidisciplinary review where appropriate, and monitoring of patient outcomes.

What is stress urinary incontinence?

Stress urinary incontinence, or SUI, is leakage caused by an increase in abdominal pressure, for example when coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising or lifting. It is different from urge incontinence, in which leakage is associated with a sudden compelling need to pass urine.

An accurate diagnosis matters. Some women have both stress and urgency symptoms, difficulty emptying the bladder, prolapse, recurrent infections or previous pelvic surgery. A consultation may therefore include a history, examination, bladder diary, urine testing, measurement of residual urine and, in selected or complex cases, urodynamic studies or cystoscopy.

What is a mid-urethral sling?

A mid-urethral sling is a narrow strip of permanent synthetic polypropylene mesh placed beneath the middle part of the urethra. It provides support during coughing, exercise and other activities that raise abdominal pressure.

The two established approaches are:

  • Retropubic sling: the tape passes behind the pubic bone.
  • Transobturator sling: the tape passes through the obturator region towards the groin.

These approaches have different risk profiles. The retropubic route has a greater risk of bladder perforation and short-term voiding difficulty, while the transobturator route has a greater association with groin or thigh pain. The most appropriate approach depends on the woman’s anatomy, previous operations, clinical circumstances and preferences.

What does USANZ say?

USANZ states that mid-urethral slings have an established evidence base for relative safety and effectiveness and should remain available in Australia for the treatment of female SUI. In its 2023 statement, USANZ specifically linked continued use to the clinical-governance improvements introduced in Australia since 2018, including:

  • appropriate surgeon credentialing
  • careful patient selection
  • discussion through multidisciplinary processes where indicated
  • genuine informed consent
  • monitoring of outcomes through the Australasian Pelvic Floor Procedure Registry.

This position supports patient choice, not routine surgery for every woman. Conservative care should usually be considered first, and non-mesh alternatives must be discussed when surgery is being considered.

What is the TGA position?

The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) regulates medical devices in Australia. Surgical mesh is classified as a Class III medical device, the highest-risk classification, requiring more stringent evidence and regulatory assessment.

Following its safety reviews, the TGA removed certain transvaginal prolapse mesh products and single-incision mini-slings from routine supply. This did not amount to a ban on established retropubic and transobturator mid-urethral slings for SUI. The TGA’s current register includes eligible Class III urogynaecological mesh devices intended for SUI; the precise indication must always be checked in the device’s approved Instructions for Use.

The TGA requires manufacturers to provide patient information leaflets and implant cards for these devices. A woman receiving a sling should know the product used and should retain her implant card.

How effective is a mid-urethral sling?

Mid-urethral sling surgery is one of the most extensively studied operations for female SUI. Australian safety and quality guidance describes it as highly effective in the short and medium term, with long-term studies showing sustained patient satisfaction for many women.

No operation can guarantee a cure. Outcomes depend on the definition of success, length of follow-up, type of sling, surgeon experience and the individual patient. Stress leakage may persist or recur, and urgency symptoms may remain, improve or occasionally develop after surgery.

What are the risks?

Most women do not develop a serious complication, but complications can be significant and may occur early or years later. Potential risks include:

  • bleeding, infection and anaesthetic complications
  • temporary or persistent difficulty emptying the bladder, sometimes requiring catheterisation or further surgery
  • bladder or urethral injury
  • urinary tract infection
  • new or worsened urinary urgency or urge incontinence
  • persistent or recurrent stress incontinence
  • vaginal mesh exposure
  • mesh erosion into the urethra or bladder
  • pelvic, vaginal, groin or thigh pain
  • pain during intercourse
  • rarely, injury to major blood vessels, bowel or other pelvic structures.

Mesh is intended to remain permanently. If a mesh complication develops, partial or complete removal may be considered, but complete removal can be technically difficult or impossible and may require more than one operation. Removal may not fully resolve pain and can cause stress incontinence to recur.

Seek medical assessment if you develop persistent pelvic or groin pain, pain during intercourse, vaginal bleeding or discharge, recurrent urinary infections, difficulty passing urine, blood in the urine, or recurrent leakage after sling surgery.

What are the alternatives?

Treatment should be individualised. Options include:

  • no active treatment or the use of continence products
  • lifestyle measures, including weight management, treatment of constipation and chronic cough, and smoking cessation
  • supervised pelvic-floor muscle training, usually for at least three months
  • a continence pessary in suitable women
  • urethral bulking injections, which are less invasive but generally less durable and may need repeating
  • an autologous fascial sling using the patient’s own tissue
  • Burch colposuspension using sutures and native tissue.

Autologous fascial sling and colposuspension avoid permanent synthetic mesh but usually involve a longer operation and recovery and have their own risks, including voiding difficulty. There is no single best operation for every woman.

Shared decision-making and informed consent

Before proceeding, a woman should have enough time and balanced information to consider:

  • whether her symptoms are predominantly stress, urgency or mixed incontinence
  • conservative, mesh and non-mesh options
  • the expected benefits and limitations of each option
  • short- and long-term risks, including mesh-specific complications
  • the surgeon’s training and experience with the proposed procedure and alternatives
  • what follow-up will occur and how complications would be managed
  • the name and TGA registration status of the proposed device.

A second opinion is reasonable, particularly if symptoms are complex, previous continence surgery has failed, chronic pelvic pain is present, or the available options remain unclear.

The balanced Australian position

Mid-urethral slings are not appropriate for every woman, but neither are they prohibited in Australia. USANZ supports their continued availability for carefully selected patients within strong clinical-governance systems. The TGA continues to regulate eligible SUI sling devices as Class III medical devices and requires enhanced patient information and traceability.

The most important principles are an accurate diagnosis, consideration of conservative care, a balanced discussion of mesh and non-mesh alternatives, surgeon credentialing, informed consent and structured follow-up.

Important: This article provides general educational information and does not replace individual medical advice. It does not claim endorsement or approval by AHPRA, USANZ or the TGA. These organisations do not pre-approve individual practitioner website articles. Treatment recommendations must be based on personal assessment and shared decision-making.

References and further reading

  1. Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand. Vaginal mesh complications: USANZ submission, position statement and patient resources.
  2. Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand. USANZ supports pause on mesh stress urinary incontinence surgery in New Zealand. 23 August 2023.
  3. Therapeutic Goods Administration. Urogynaecological (transvaginal) surgical mesh hub. Updated 28 April 2025.
  4. Therapeutic Goods Administration. Australian transvaginal surgical mesh regulatory actions.
  5. Therapeutic Goods Administration. Current status of mesh products in Australia. Updated 9 June 2026.
  6. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. Treatment options for stress urinary incontinence: information for consumers. 2018.
  7. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. Care pathway for the management of stress urinary incontinence. 2018.
  8. Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. Guidelines for advertising a regulated health service.
  9. Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. Summary of the advertising requirements.

The Importance of Preventative Healthcare: How Early Checkups Save Lives

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When it comes to healthcare, prevention is always better than cure. Preventative healthcare, including routine checkups and screenings, plays a critical role in maintaining long-term health and catching potential issues before they become serious problems. It’s a proactive approach to healthcare that not only saves lives but also reduces the burden of illness on individuals and society.

 

Why Regular Health Checkups Matter

Early detection is the key to preventing many serious diseases. Whether it’s high blood pressure, diabetes, or certain cancers, catching these conditions in their early stages often means a better prognosis and simpler, less invasive treatments. Regular health screenings allow doctors to monitor your health and spot changes before symptoms appear.

For example, a simple blood test can reveal elevated cholesterol levels, alerting your doctor to the risk of heart disease before you experience any symptoms. Similarly, routine mammograms or colonoscopies can detect early signs of breast or colon cancer, which dramatically increases the chances of successful treatment.

What Preventative Screenings Include

Preventative healthcare involves more than just an annual visit to the doctor. It includes a variety of tests and evaluations based on your age, gender, family history, and lifestyle. Common screenings include:

– Blood Pressure Checks
High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Regular monitoring helps manage this silent condition before it leads to more serious complications.

– Cholesterol Tests
Keeping an eye on your cholesterol levels helps reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

– Cancer Screenings
Screenings for cancers like breast, cervical, colon, and prostate cancers are essential as they allow for early detection and treatment.

– Diabetes Screening
Regular glucose tests can help detect prediabetes or diabetes early, allowing you to make lifestyle changes or begin treatment to prevent complications.

– Immunisations
Staying up-to-date on vaccines is a critical part of preventative healthcare, especially for preventable diseases like the flu, pneumonia, and hepatitis.

The Benefits of Preventative Healthcare

Preventative healthcare offers several advantages, including:

1. Early Detection Saves Lives
Many diseases, if caught early, are more easily treated or even cured. Detecting health issues in their initial stages prevents them from progressing into more severe conditions.

2. Reduced Healthcare Costs
Treating a disease in its early stages is often less costly than managing a full-blown illness. Preventative care reduces the need for expensive interventions like surgeries or long-term hospital stays.

3. Improved Quality of Life
When you actively manage your health, you’re more likely to enjoy a longer, healthier life. Regular checkups ensure that your body functions optimally and that any health concerns are addressed promptly.

4. Peace of Mind
Knowing that you’re taking steps to prevent illness gives you confidence and peace of mind. You can focus on living your life fully, knowing that your health is in check.

 

Make Preventative Care a Priority

It’s easy to put off going to the doctor when you’re feeling healthy, but routine checkups are a vital investment in your future well-being. Schedule regular visits with your healthcare provider, even when you feel well, and follow their recommendations for screenings and lifestyle adjustments.

Remember, preventative healthcare isn’t just about avoiding illness—it’s about living life to its fullest with the confidence that you’re doing everything you can to stay healthy. Early detection saves lives, so make those appointments and prioritise your health today.

Dr Jo Schoeoman

Email : (07) 3371 7288

Location : Suite 10, Level 9
Evan Thomson Building
24 Chasely Street
Auchenflower, 4066

Prostate Health and Urology

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When it comes to men’s health, one topic that often takes center stage is prostate health. As a vital part of the male reproductive system, the prostate plays a crucial role in urinary function and overall well-being. We sit down with Dr. Jo Scheoman, a renowned urologist based in Brisbane, to discuss the importance of prostate health and its connection to urology.

 

Meet Dr. Jo Scheoman
Dr. Jo Scheoman is a highly respected urologist with years of experience in diagnosing and treating a wide range of urological conditions. Specialising in prostate health, Dr. Scheoman is dedicated to providing compassionate care and innovative treatments to patients in Brisbane and beyond. With a focus on patient education and empowerment, Dr. Scheoman strives to raise awareness about the importance of proactive prostate health management.

 

Understanding Prostate Health:
The prostate is a small gland located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Its primary function is to produce fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. As men age, the prostate can undergo changes that may affect urinary function and overall health. Common prostate conditions include:

– Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of the prostate gland, which can lead to urinary symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, and incomplete emptying of the bladder.
– Prostatitis: Inflammation or infection of the prostate gland, often causing pain or discomfort in the pelvic area and changes in urinary habits.
– Prostate Cancer: The most common cancer in men, prostate cancer occurs when abnormal cells develop in the prostate gland. Early detection and treatment are critical for favorable outcomes.

 

The Role of Urology in Prostate Health:
As a specialised field of medicine, urology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the urinary tract and male reproductive system, including the prostate. Urologists like Dr. Scheoman play a vital role in assessing prostate health, diagnosing conditions, and recommending appropriate treatment options. From routine screenings and diagnostic tests to advanced surgical procedures, urologists are equipped to address a wide range of prostate-related concerns.

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Maintaining Prostate Health:
While certain risk factors for prostate conditions, such as age and family history, are beyond our control, there are steps men can take to promote prostate health and reduce the risk of developing prostate-related issues. These include:

– Healthy Lifestyle: Adopting a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins, along with regular exercise, can support overall health and reduce the risk of obesity, which is linked to prostate issues.
–  Regular Check-ups: Scheduling routine check-ups with a urologist for prostate screenings and evaluations is essential for early detection and intervention.
– Awareness and Education: Staying informed about prostate health and understanding the signs and symptoms of prostate conditions can empower men to take proactive steps towards their well-being.

 

Prostate health is a critical aspect of men’s overall well-being, and proactive management is key to maintaining optimal health and quality of life. With the expertise and guidance of urologists like Dr. Jo Scheoman, men can take control of their prostate health and enjoy a fulfilling, healthy life. Whether it’s preventive screenings, diagnostic evaluations, or personalized treatment plans, urologists play a crucial role in supporting men’s health every step of the way. If you’re in Brisbane and seeking expert urological care, Dr. Jo Scheoman is here to provide compassionate, comprehensive services tailored to your unique needs.

Phone : (07) 3371 7288

Website : https://www.drjoschoeman.com.au/

WESLEY HOSPITAL

Suite 10, Level 9
Evan Thomson Building
24 Chasely Street
Auchenflower, 4066

Caffeine and Health

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In a world fueled by caffeine, questions about its impact on health are more pertinent than ever. As a leading urologist in Brisbane, Dr. Jo Schoeman understands the importance of addressing concerns surrounding common lifestyle choices. We delve into the caffeine conundrum, exploring whether this ubiquitous stimulant is truly detrimental to health and how much is considered safe daily.

 

The Caffeine Conundrum:
Caffeine, found in coffee, tea, energy drinks, and various other beverages, is renowned for its ability to boost alertness and provide that much-needed morning kick. However, its relationship with health is a topic that sparks curiosity and concern alike.

 

 How Much is Enough?

Dr. Jo Schoeman sheds light on the optimal amount of caffeine consumption for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. “Moderation is key,” he advises, emphasising that a moderate intake can contribute to increased alertness without negatively impacting health. Understanding what constitutes a moderate amount is crucial for individuals seeking to strike a balance between enjoying their favorite caffeinated beverages and ensuring overall well-being.

 

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The Safe Daily Limit:
Determining a safe daily limit for caffeine consumption involves considering individual factors such as age, health condition, and sensitivity to caffeine. Dr. Jo Schoeman provides insights into how much caffeine is generally considered safe for most adults and the potential consequences of exceeding these limits. It’s important to note that individual responses to caffeine can vary, and consulting with a healthcare professional is advisable for personalised guidance.

 

Potential Health Impacts:
While moderate caffeine consumption is generally deemed safe, Dr. Jo Schoeman discusses potential health impacts associated with excessive intake. From sleep disturbances to increased heart rate, understanding the risks enables individuals to make informed decisions about their caffeine habits.

 

Personalised Recommendations:
Recognising the need for personalised advice, Dr. Jo Schoeman encourages those with specific health concerns or conditions to seek individualised recommendations. As a urologist in Brisbane, he is well-equipped to provide guidance tailored to the unique health needs of her patients.

 

In the caffeine-driven world we live in, understanding the nuances of its impact on health is essential. Dr. Jo Schoeman, as a trusted urologist in Brisbane, offers valuable insights into the caffeine conundrum, providing a balanced perspective on how much is enough and what is considered safe daily. Remember, moderation and individual considerations are key when navigating the choices surrounding this ubiquitous stimulant.

 

 

Food and urological health: what does the evidence say?

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Food and drink can influence some urinary conditions, particularly recurrent kidney stones. A balanced eating pattern also supports general health. But the evidence does not support calling individual foods “urology-friendly” treatments or claiming that a berry, seed or spice will prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs), prostate enlargement or cancer. The useful advice depends on the diagnosis and the person.[1–4]

 

Start with the whole diet

The Australian Dietary Guidelines recommend a variety of vegetables, fruit, wholegrain foods and suitable protein foods, while limiting foods high in salt.[1] That is a more reliable starting point than a list of purported “superfoods.” People with kidney disease, recurrent stones or other medical conditions may need more specific advice from their treating team.

1. Berries and the cranberry question

Blueberries, strawberries and raspberries can be enjoyed as fruit, but evidence about cranberry products should not be extended to all berries. A Cochrane review of 50 trials found that cranberry juice, tablets or capsules probably reduce symptomatic, culture-confirmed UTIs in women with recurrent UTIs, and found benefit in some other groups. It found little or no clear benefit in several other populations. Product preparations and doses differ, and no standard effective dose has been established.[3]

Cranberry products are a possible prevention measure for selected people, not a treatment for an infection that is already present. Recurrent urinary symptoms also warrant assessment: not every episode of burning or urgency is caused by a bacterial UTI.[3]

2. Watermelon, water and kidney stones

 

Watermelon contributes fluid and can be part of a varied diet, but it has no special “detoxifying” action. The kidneys filter blood continuously; eating watermelon does not flush out a diagnosed infection or stone.

For many people with recurrent stones, adequate fluid intake is one of the better supported preventive measures. European Association of Urology (EAU) guidance recommends enough fluid, preferably water, to produce more than 2.5 litres of urine in 24 hours for stone prevention.[2] This is a urine output target, not an instruction for everyone to drink a fixed amount of water. Fluid needs vary with heat, activity and health conditions. People with a prescribed fluid restriction, including some with kidney or heart disease, should follow individual advice.[2, 8]

3. Leafy greens and oxalate

Vegetables are part of a healthy eating pattern. There is no reason for everyone to avoid spinach or other leafy greens. However, spinach contains substantial oxalate, which can matter for some people with calcium oxalate stones and high urinary oxalate. In that setting, limiting excessive intake of high-oxalate foods may be useful.[2]

Stone prevention is more nuanced than cutting out one vegetable. Stone composition, blood tests and sometimes a 24-hour urine collection can guide advice. EAU guidance generally discourages restricting normal dietary calcium, since adequate calcium intake can help reduce intestinal oxalate absorption; advice on supplements is different and should be individualised.[2]

4. Fish and dietary protein

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Fish is one protein choice within the Australian Dietary Guidelines.[1] Oily fish contains omega-3 fats, but there is insufficient clinical evidence to claim that eating it treats bladder inflammation or prevents a particular urological disorder.

For some stone formers, the overall amount of animal protein may be more relevant than selecting one type of fish. Excess animal protein can change urine chemistry in ways that favour stone formation. Any change should fit the person’s nutritional needs and stone risk profile.[2]

5. Pumpkin seeds and prostate health

Pumpkin seeds can contribute nutrients, including zinc, to a varied diet. That does not mean they prevent benign prostate enlargement or prostate cancer, or replace assessment of urinary symptoms. Cancer Council Australia concludes that evidence about specific dietary factors is insufficient to recommend a food or supplement for prostate cancer prevention.[4]

“Natural” supplements are not automatically beneficial. For example, a large prevention trial found an increased prostate cancer risk in men assigned vitamin E alone, illustrating why a plausible biological theory is not enough to justify a prevention claim.[5]

6. Turmeric: food versus supplements

urogolgy food, tumeric

Turmeric is a spice; curcumin is one of its constituents. Laboratory findings about inflammation do not demonstrate that adding turmeric to meals prevents or treats urinary disease. The US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health says there is not enough evidence to draw firm conclusions about many proposed health benefits of oral turmeric or curcumin.[6]

Concentrated supplements are different from ordinary culinary use. Some formulations designed to increase curcumin absorption have been associated with liver injury. Tell your treating clinician about supplements, particularly before an operation or when taking regular medicines.[6]

Practical steps if you have urinary symptoms

For someone with recurrent kidney stones, the strongest dietary starting points are usually appropriate fluid intake, avoiding excess salt and adjusting diet based on stone type and urine results. EAU guidance recommends a mixed diet and generally advises against restricting normal dietary calcium.[2] For someone with recurrent UTIs, the priority is to confirm the diagnosis and consider the full range of prevention options; cranberry is one possible measure for certain groups, with limits to the evidence.[3]

Diet cannot replace assessment of blood in the urine, persistent pain, fever with urinary symptoms, difficulty passing urine or repeated infections. If you have these symptoms, speak with your GP or treating clinician. Advice can then be tailored with input from a urologist or accredited practising dietitian where needed.

This is general educational information, not an individual treatment plan. No food or supplement discussed here is presented as a cure or as a substitute for appropriate medical care.

References

  1. National Health and Medical Research Council. Australian Dietary Guidelines.
  2. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on Urolithiasis: Metabolic Evaluation and Recurrence Prevention.
  3. Williams G, et al. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023.
  4. Cancer Council Australia. Prostate cancer prevention.
  5. US National Cancer Institute. Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).
  6. US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Turmeric: Usefulness and Safety.
  7. Kidney Health Australia. Kidney stones.
  8. Healthdirect Australia. Drinking water and your health.

 

Understanding Urology

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Understanding Urology and the People Involved in Your Care

Urology is the medical and surgical specialty concerned with the urinary tract in people of all genders and the male reproductive system. A urologist may assess symptoms involving the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, prostate or testes.

I’m Dr Joseph “Jo” Schoeman, a urologist practising in Brisbane. This page explains the types of concerns that may lead someone to see a urologist, what an appointment may involve, and how the wider team contributes when an operation is needed.

When might someone see a urologist?

People are referred for many reasons, including blood in the urine, recurrent urinary tract infections, kidney stones, difficulty passing urine, urinary leakage, prostate concerns or a suspected cancer of the urinary tract or male reproductive organs. These symptoms have different possible causes. An assessment helps determine what, if any, investigation or treatment is appropriate.

Urological conditions affect people of different ages and genders. Risk factors vary by condition and may include age, medical history, family history, medicines and lifestyle factors. Having a risk factor does not mean that a person will develop a particular condition.

What happens at an appointment?

I usually begin by discussing your symptoms, medical history, medicines and what matters most to you. Depending on the concern, an examination or tests such as a urine test, blood test, imaging or bladder function study may be useful. Not everyone needs every test.

Once we have enough information, we can discuss the options. These may include monitoring, changes to daily habits, medication, a procedure or referral to another clinician. The choice depends on the diagnosis, the expected benefits and downsides of each option, and your preferences. If an operation is being considered, we discuss its risks, alternatives, recovery and the possibility that symptoms may persist or recur.

The theatre team

An operation involves a team, including anaesthetists, theatre nurses and other hospital staff. Each has a role in preparation, the procedure and recovery. I regularly work alongside theatre colleagues, though the individuals involved may differ between procedures.

One informal motto among the team is “Beat the Leak.” It reflects our interest in helping people troubled by urinary leakage. It is a light-hearted phrase, not a promise of cure. Leakage can have several causes; many people can start with non-surgical care, and outcomes from any treatment vary.

If you have a urological concern, your GP can help decide whether a referral to a urologist is appropriate. For appointments with my rooms, call (07) 3371 7288. Fax: (07) 3870 5350.

Dr Jo Schoeman’s website

 

This page is general information. It cannot replace an assessment or predict the result of treatment for an individual.

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“Beat the Leak”: The Team Behind the Surgery

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The Steam, Laser-Beam, Dream-Stream, Uro-Team

People often ask what happens behind the theatre doors. They usually know the surgeon’s name, but the work is done by a team.

I’m fortunate to work regularly with a group of theatre nurses, anaesthetists and support staff who know one another’s routines and are comfortable speaking up. Before an operation starts, we check the plan, the equipment and the details that matter for that particular patient. During the procedure, each person has a job to do, and clear communication helps us respond when a plan needs to change.

Our team has a motto: “Beat the Leak.” It makes us smile, but it also captures a serious part of my work as a urologist. For someone living with urinary incontinence, a leak can mean planning every outing around a toilet, avoiding exercise or worrying about an embarrassing moment. It is easy to underestimate how much that can affect daily life.

“Beat the Leak” is our reminder to listen closely to that experience and work towards better bladder control. The right approach depends on the cause of the leakage. It may involve pelvic floor physiotherapy, changes to daily habits, medication or a procedure. Surgery is appropriate for some people, but no operation can promise a dry outcome for everyone. We discuss the likely benefits, risks and alternatives with each patient before deciding on a plan.

The care continues after the operation. The recovery team helps patients through the first hours, explains what to expect at home and makes sure concerns reach the right person. Follow-up matters too: it gives us a chance to check healing, assess whether treatment has helped and decide if anything else is needed.

I value the skill and kindness of the people I work with in theatre. Our motto may be light-hearted, but the aim behind it is simple: to help each patient feel heard, well cared for and more confident in everyday life.

Dr Joseph “Jo” Schoeman

                     

Cool Hey! Keep an eye out for us at St Andrews War Memorial hospital and the Wesley Hospital